1	CORS & OPUS WORKSHOP (Continuously Operating Reference Stations)
2	CORS Information
3	Global Positioning System GPS
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6	Standalone Positioning: Since May 1, 2000 C/A Code on L1 No Selective Availability
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8	Standalone Positioning: By 2011 C/A Code on L1 L2C Code on L2 New Code on L5
9	GPS ERROR SOURCES
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14	CARRIER MODULATION
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16	HOW TO ACHIEVE CM-LEVEL ACCURACY FOR BASELINES LONGER THAN 25 KM
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18	Continuously Operating Reference Stations
19	Regional CORS Coverage
20	Local CORS Coverage – Seiler MS COOP
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22	CORS SITES
23	CORS OVERVIEW Network contained 1154 sites as of Jan. 2007 Growing at rate of 15 sites per month More than 185 organizations participate in the CORS program Provides code range (C/A, P1, P2) and carrier phase observations (L1, L2)
24	CORS APPLICATIONS Postmission Static Positioning (few cm-level accuracy with 15minutes of data, few dm-level accuracy with one minute of data) Postmission Kinematic Positioning (dm-level accuracy for an aircraft, a boat, or a land vehicle) Geophysics / Crustal Motion Meteorology / Water Vapor in Atmosphere Space Weather / Free Electrons in Ionosphere
25	NATIONAL CORS NETWORK National CORS network contains 988 sites whose data are available directly from NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey in Silver Spring, MD GPS data stored in RINEX format Data made available to public via: World Wide Web File transfer protocol Currently 13 years of CORS data are online for immediate access Parallel CORS Data Facility being operated by NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, CO
26	COOPERATIVE CORS GPS base stations whose data are freely disseminated by cooperating organizations NGS provides link from its web site to that of each cooperating organization Site coordinates must be consistent with the National Spatial Reference System
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28	CORS Networks
29	COMBO CORS The term “Combo CORS” designates a station whose GPS data is distributed both by NOAA and by a cooperating organization. Such accessibility to CORS data is highly desirable. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (LaJolla, CA) distributes data for 900+ sites in the CORS network.
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33	CORS PARTNERS: INTERNATIONAL
34	CORS Partners: Private Industry
35	Civil GPS Use
36	Consumer/Recreational $3.8B market by 2003 Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, campers, hobbyists, etc. Recreational facilities Estimated 40M potential users in the U.S. alone Highly elastic demand Integration of GPS into cellular phones expected to generate huge volume
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38	Precision Agriculture
39	Timing Applications Some estimate the timing market at $40-100M Communications network synchronization and management Phone, wireless systems LANs, WANs, Internet Power grid management and fault location Financial transactions E-commerce signatures
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42	LIDAR images of Manhattan before and after 11 SEP 2001
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44	MAPPING TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC)
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46	North American Vertical Velocities